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Animal Control Products

Fox

General Biology, Reproduction, and Behavior

Foxes are crepuscular animals, being most active during the early house of darkness and the very early morning hours. They do move during the day, however, especially when it is dark and overcast.

Foxes are solitary animals except from the winter breeding season through midsummer, when mates and their young associate closely. Foxes have a wide variety of calls. They may bark, scream, howl, yap, growl, or make sounds similar to a hiccup. During winter a male will often give a yelling bark, "wo-wo-wo," that seems to be important in warning other male foxes not to intrude on its territory. Red foxes may dig their own dens or use abandoned burrows of a woodchuck or badger. The same dens may be used for several generations. Gray foxes commonly use wood piles, rocky outcrops, hollow trees, or brush piles as den sites. Foxes use their urine and feces to mark their territories.

Mating in red foxes normally occurs from mid-January to early February. At higher latitudes (in the Arctic) mating occurs from late February to early March. Estrus in the vixens lasts 1 to 6 days, followed by a 51 to 53 day gestation period. Fox pups can be born from March in southern areas to May in the arctic zones. Red foxes generally produces 4 to 9 pups. Gray foxes usually have 3 to 7 pups per litter. Arctic foxes may have 1 to 14 pups, but usually have 5 or 6. Foxes disperse from denning areas during the fall months and establish breeding areas vacant territories, sometimes dispersing considerable distance.

Damage and Damage Identification

Foxes may cause serious problems for poultry producers. Turkeys raised in large range pens are subject to damage by foxes. Losses may be heavy in small farm flocks of chickens, ducks, and geese. Young pigs, lambs, and small pets are also killed by foxes. Damage can be difficult to detect because the prey is usually carried from the kill site to a den site, or uneaten parts are buried. Foxes usually attack the throat of young livestock, but some kill by inflicting multiple bites to the neck and back. Foxes do not have the size or strength to hold adult livestock or to crush the skill and large bones of their prey. They generally prefer the viscera and often begin feeding through an entry behind the ribs. Foxes will also scavenge carcasses, making the actual cause of death difficult to determine.

Pheasants, waterfowl, other game, birds and small game mammals are also preyed upon by foxes. At times, the fox predation may be a significant mortality factor for upland and wetland birds, including some endangered species.

Rabies outbreaks are most prevalent among foxes in southeastern Canada and occasionally in the eastern United States. The incidence of rabies in foxes has declined substantially since the mid-1960s for unexplained reasons. In 1990, there were only 197 reported cases of fox rabies in the United States as compared to 1821 for raccoons and 1579 for skunks. Rabid foxes are a threat to humans, domestic animals, and wildlife.

For more information:
Animal Control Products
P.O. Box 115
107 Packer Dr
Roberts, WI 54023 US
Email: barons@svtel.net
715-749-3857

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